The Japanese dug in around the Rizal Monument on the expectation that the monument would not be subject of a bombing, or artillery attack. MacArthur had refused point-blank to allow aerial bombing, and even permission to use artillery was initially refused until it was discovered that rooting the defenders from their hides without artillery slowed the attack almost to a standstill,  at great cost.  The Japanese were right, though, in that no artillery was used against their positions as pictured.  (Image courtesy of the John Tewell Collection.)